Saskia Sassen | Marisol García | Javier Buron | Maria Sisternas | Participants
Introduction
The first OK Europe! workshop, which took place in Barcelona, and was organized in collaboration with the Institute of Government and Public Policy (IGOP) of the Autonomous University of Barcelona, focused on the topic of urban development. It has gathered 18 participants among academics, policy-makers, activists and planners, to discuss best practices and solutions, and to propose policy recommendations in relation to two main urgencies of cities: guaranteeing the right to housing and fostering territorial cohesion. Our trip to Barcellona started with the investigation of Elena Ledda. The workshop was opened by the keynote speech of the urban sociologist Professor. Saskia Sassen who has stressed the forefront role of cities in tackling global governance challenges.
In other words, cities are at the forefront of major governance challenges, as mentioned by Prof. Sassen’s words were widely shared by the participants’ workshop. However, they also pointed out several limitations of cities in addressing emerging challenges.
These limitations are related to four dimensions: scale, power, resources and time.
Many of the priorities that cities have to address overspill their administrative boundaries. Participants pointed out that social and territorial segregation in Barcelona does not unfold only between neighbourhoods of the city, but between cities of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. The same applies to housing: forms of expulsion due to gentrification/touristification processes do not only run between neighbourhoods, but between cities, being Barcelona the one that often expels its less well-off inhabitants to surrounding cities. In other words, many of the most pressing challenges must be considered and tackled as metropolitan-scale challenges rather than city-scale ones but the institutional architecture is often not designed to do so.Moreover, all participants agreed that cities have limited powers and resources to deal with major priorities, although with due variations according to each national context. Guaranteeing the right to housing is a striking example of both power and resource limitations. For instance, local governments do not have the power to regulate most of the legal aspects that affect the housing question (rental law, mortgage law, insurance law, etc.) whose regulatory power falls in the hand of the national or regional governments, at least in the Spanish context; nor do they have the economic resources to fulfil impelling housing needs, such as financial resources to subsidise rents or undertake major social housing (re)development projects.
Let’s listen to Marisol Garcìa on the social and territorial cohesion of Barcelona.
Finally, many of these challenges are structural components of the urban fabric that need long-term strategies, plans and solutions, in order to be effectively tackled. The increasingly dramatic housing crisis or the deepening territorial inequalities cannot be tackled within the time limits of a government mandate that, depending on the context, can vary from four to six years (four in the case of Spanish cities). 
All agreed that the procedures of election and voting established in our representative democratic systems are an essential component to ensure a vibrant and pluralist democracy. However, electoral cycles sometimes make it difficult to implement actions and policies with some sort of coherence beyond these time limits.
However, cities are also places for social innovation, institutional experimentation, political participation and multi-actor collaboration that can allow them to overcome such limitations. Over the last year, the city of Barcelona has been very active in finding innovative political solutions to address its major challenges. Workshop participants had the opportunity to present and discuss successful cases, projects and plans that could inspire political action in other European municipalities.
In relation to housing, different measures were brought to the table by participants to illustrate how the Barcelona City Council is dealing with the housing crisis that has hit the Catalan city with impressive waves of housing evictions and expulsion that have affected the most vulnerable (migrants, elderly, young). Among these measures is worth mentioning the political commitment of the City Council in increasing the social rental housing stock of the city (which is currently 1.5% of the total housing stock).
In order to do so, the City Council has approved an ambitious housing plan – the Right to Housing Plan – that envisages a fourfold increase in the public housing stock by the end of 2025. Such a massive increase is carried out partially by the City Council itself, through the financial support of both private and public financial actors (such as the European Investment Bank), and partially indirectly by both private developers and housing cooperatives. Secondly, in order to further increase this stock, the City Council has approved a regulation that obliged real estate developers to dedicate 30% of the housing stock to affordable housing when new developments or comprehensive rehabilitation take place.This measure allows the City Council to gain public housing stock within the existing social fabric of the city.
These are only some of the measures that the City Council is taking to guarantee the right to housing and participants agreed that more measures could be taken, such as establishing new taxation to finance social housing developments or fiscal incentives to private owners who wish to rent their property at an affordable price. However, all participants agreed that, as mentioned by the general director of the Barcelona Housing Department, Javier Buron, there is no single measure to solve the housing question that government can implement but a series of policies have to be adopted, and a series of collaborations and partnership with both civil society and private actors have to be established, in order to effectively tackle the housing crisis.
Let’s listen to Javier Buron on housing and rehabilitation.
In relation to the social and territorial cohesion, Barcelona can count on an important instrument through which is tackling territorial inequalities. Since 2016 the Barcelona City Council has implemented a policy called the Neighbourhood Plans with the specific objective to address this issue through a cross-sectoral and a participative approach. In the last four years, 150 millions Euro have been invested in the 16 most deprived neighbourhoods of the city (Barcelona has a total of 73 neighbourhoods), which include approximately 12% of the city population. The plans do not focus on one specific dimension of intervention but implement a variety of measures in relation to different policy domains, such as health, education, housing rehabilitation, public facilities and spaces. Of particular relevance is the fact that such measures not only are defined and designed through a participatory approach to policy-making but it also adopts a co-production approach as some of the measures are implemented either through the support or by community-organisations themselves.
The cases and projects mentioned by workshop participants are particularly relevant in showing us how local governments can act in the face of challenges such as housing and territorial inequalities. However, these examples also show us how this capacity for intervention can be strongly enhanced through forms of collaborative governance that directly and indirectly include a multiplicity of urban actors and governamental scales.
Firstly, local governments have limited capacity for regulation and often depend on regional and national governments to act. For instance, the dialogue between local, regional and national governments has been and is essential to accomplish a change in national housing laws.
Moreover, the Barcelona City Council often deals with private actors. Workshop participants have mentioned that, City Council collaborates with private owners to provide affordable rentals to citizens (what is called “Borsa de lloguers”) creating a link between the rental supply and demand where the city council appears as the intermediary. Also, a key actor in the Catalan housing ecosystem is Fundació Habitat, a private social rental housing manager led by third sector organizations as well as local public administrations, including the Barcelona City Council. This foundation is in charge of housing provision and renovation and, by the end of 2020, it managed and renewed 619 housing units. Finally, local governments also have limited capacity to acquire public land and often have to negotiate and collaborate with private bodies, such as banks and real estate companies to overcome the land shortage.
Furthermore, participants agreed on the important role that newly established social actors have played. In relation to housing, they were referring, for example, to the PAH (Platform for People Affected by Mortgages) and the Sindicat de Llogateres (Tenants Union). They have been key in building social and political consensus in order to approve key housing policy at the local level that were opposed by opposition parties (the above mentioned law about the 30% of the housing stock). Moreover they have been important in order to seek to overcome the power limits of the city government. Together with established social actors, such as Neighbourhood Associations, ODESC, etc, they joined forces with the Barcelona City Council to successfully lobby the Catalan government to put a cap on rental prices with the adoption of a new law called “Llei de Contenció i Moderació del Preu del Lloguer (11/2020)” .
From the social and territorial cohesion perspective, workshop participants have pointed out that the collaboration among adjacent municipalities is essential since the continuity of the urban fabric (and problems) does not match the institutional discontinuity and fragmentation.
Therefore, public-public partnerships are key. In the Barcelona context, there are examples of metropolitan-scale public entities that manage common services at the metropolitan level, such as mobility or waste management (i.e the Area Metropolitana de Barcelona or Entitat Metropolitana del Transporte). Public-public projects have also been deployed to address social issues. This is the case of “Agenda Besos” where several municipalities with some of the most deprived neighbourhoods of the metropolitan area decided to design and work together on a common agenda to address inequalities in such neighbourhoods.
Finally, as mentioned in th
e previous section, the Neighborhood Plans is an example of public-private-community collaboration.The Neighborhood Plans is a cross-sectional project where several different areas of Barcelona municipality are involved and where neighborhood associations, professionals such as social workers, planners and social facilitators are involved in different participatory community projects. The essence of these Neighborhood Plans is the proximity dimension where public space as well as community building are central to tackle inequalities and poverty by empowering social actors and neighborhood residents.
Let’s listen to Maria Sisternas participation and dialogue between planners and citizens.
Recommendations and priorities of actions
There was a consensus among participants in regards of the following 4 main ideas:
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First, the need to strengthen the capacity of local governments with resources and instruments to enable them to intervene on issues such as housing and social cohesion. Regarding the issue of housing, for instance, it would be useful for local governments to obtain additional regulatory power, to increase their public financing capacity through financial innovations and to augment their capacity to collect resources through rates dedicated to subsidizing public housing.
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Second, the need to strengthen public-private-community cooperation since local governments alone have limited capacity to act. In order to overcome these limitations, it is essential to establish collaboration with public, private and community actors (e.g. neighbourhood residents, activists or NGOs). The need of this collaboration has proven to be key for Barcelona City Council to acquire more public land and to build public housing.The same is needed for enhancing territorial cohesion within metropolitan areas: municipalities have to join forces and work together. This cooperation (or co-production) is key to address urban challenges
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Third, the need to think and plan beyond the electoral cycles. The above mentioned collaboration needs to create strong bonds between public-private-community actors and lead to social agreements and pacts in relation to key policy priorities that could overcome the short-termism of electoral cycles.
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Fourth, the need to adopt a transversal and multi-scalar approach on urban problems and policies. Urban problems are complex and demand a multi-disciplinary approach where different lenses are overlapped: from economics and sociology to climate change, mobility, and social inequalities perspective. The multi-scalar approachmeans that it is important to diagnose and plan from a metropolitan approach point of view. This does not mean that new metropolitan governments have to be set up but that different city councils should work together to reinforce their capacity to act on a metropolitan scale, also centralizing resources to compensate for inequalities. Therefore, inter-administrative cooperation has to be fostered, always respecting the principle of subsidiarity.
Participants:
Irene Escorihuela Blasco, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Observatory (DESC)
Maria Sisternas, Mediaurban
Montserrat Pareja-Eastaway, European Network for Housing Research (ENHR)
Javier Buron, Housing Manager Barcelona City Council
Eva Garcia-Chueca, Barcelona Centre for International Affairs (CIDOB)
Oriol Nel.IO, Autonomous University of Barcelona
Teresa Tepada Berteli, Autonomous University of Barcelona
Maria Buhigas, Urban Facts
Marina Garcès, Open University of Catalonia (UOC)
Carme Arcarazo, Tenants Union – Sindicat de Llogateres
Carme Borrell, Dinamo Foundation
Ismael Blanco, Institute of Government and Public Policy (IGOP)
Octavy de la Varga Mas, Metropolis
Oscar Chamat, Metropolis
Elvira Dyangani, Museu d’Art Contemporani de Barcelona (MACBA)
Marisol Garcia, University of Barcellona
Dr Iolanda Bianchi,
Juan de la Cierva Postdoctoral researcher at IGOP-UAB
Charlotte Fernandez,
research coordinator at IGOP-UAB
IGOP
Joan Subirats,
Autonomous University of Barcelona
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